السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
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Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
PART ONE GENERAL
1 What is a fault?
1.1 The contact fault 1-1
1.2 The ground contact fault 1-2
1.3 The break 1-3
1.4 Ingress of moisture 1-3
1.5 Crimping 1-4
1.6 Cross-talk 1-4
1.7 Flashing fault 1-5
1.8 Transitory 1-5
1.9 Partial discharge 1-7
2 Fault causes
2.1 Cable type and length 2-1
2.2 Cable laying 2-1
2.3 Joints and jointing 2-1
2.4 Network 2-2
2.5 Environment 2-2
2.6 Operation 2-3
2.7 Testing 2-3
2.8 Third party damage 2-3
3 The proper approach
3.1 Safety 3-2
3.2 Diagnosis 3-3
3.3 Pre-location 3.5
3.4 Pin-pointing 3-8
3.5 Confirmation 3-9
3.6 Recording 3-10
3.7 Reporting 3-10
4 Diagnosis and pre-location
4.1 Diagnosis 4-1
4.2 Pre-location 4-8
4.3 Resistance bridge 4-8
4.4 Pulse echo (also called TDR) 4-34
4.5 Transient methods 4-68
App. 4A Voltage and current waves 4-126
5 Pin-pointing
5.1 Acoustic 5-2
5.2 Electromagnetic 5-17
5.3 Pool of potential 5-22
5.4 Magnetic field 5-31
5.5 Audio frequency 5-36
5.6 Core-to-sheath faults 5-48
6 Confirmation
6.1 Excavation, backfilling, reinstatement 6-1
6.2 Exposure 6-4
6.3 Analysis of cause 6-5
6.4 Recording 6-5
6.5 Further testing 6-5
6.6 Repairs 6-6
6.7 Reporting 6-7
6.8 Notes on Part One 6-8
PART TWO RELATED SKILLS AND PROCEDURES
7 Route tracing
7.1 General 7-1
7.2 Detection of magnetic fields 7-1
7.3 Signal sources 7-2
7.4 Methods of connecting/coupling 7-5
7.5 Practical approach 7-10
7.6 Receiver aspects - tracing, marking and depth 7-10
7.7 Transmitter aspects - hints and sound practice 7-18
7.8 Ground survey 7-21
7.9 ****l detection 7-25
7.10 Joint location 7-27
8 Cable identification
8.1 General 8-1
8.2 Methods 8-3
8.3 “Phasing out” MV cables 8-9
8.4 Identifying live cables 8-10
9 Electrical safety
9.1 Introduction 9-1
9.2 General 9-1
9.3 Safety regulations 9-3
PART THREE SPECIALIZED AREAS
10 Power cables
10.1 Faults on low voltage systems 10-1
10.2 Faults on medium and high voltage systems 10-32
App. 10A Examples of actual fault locations 10A-1
11 Telecommunications systems, information and control
systems
11.1 Telecommunications systems 11-1
11.2 Control and information systems 11-25
12 Under-floor and under-road, pipe and soil heating systems
12.1 Types of system 12-1
12.2 Choice of method 12-2
12.3 Practical approach 12-5
13 Lighting cables—motorway / highway, road and airfield
13.1 Fault location philosophy 13-1
13.2 Types of system 13-2
13.3 Methods of fault location 13-4
14 Optical fibre cable systems
14.1 General 14-1
14.2 Types of fibre 14-1
14.3 Specifications and usage 14-3
14.4 Losses, connections and splices 14-4
14.5 Instruments for testing and fault location 14-5
PART FOUR CABLES
15 Information on cables
15.1 General 15-1
15.2 General construction 15-1
15.3 Voltage withstand of cables 15-9
15.4 Useful tables 15-11
PART FIVE CHOICE OF EQUIPMENT
16 Factors
17 Choice
17.1 Minimum kit 17-1
17.2 Portable equipment v test trailers and vans 17-7
17.3 Test van specifications – general 17-9
Foreword to Appendix 17A
17A-1
Appendix 17A, Articles on cable testing 17A-2
PART SIX THE FUTURE OF FAULT LOCATION
18 Pressure for solutions, technology and known trends
18-1 18-7
19 Conclusion 19-1/19-4
Further reading 19-5
Index to manufacturers 19-6/19-12
Index to advertisers 19-13/19-14
Index 19-15/19-20
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